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ActivityLaminarin is an oligosaccharide, more specifically, a beta-glycan with an approximate molecular weight of 4000-5000 Dalton and, therefore, probably not very mobile within the target plant. Laminarin elicits a response from the plant's natural defence mechanisms by mimicking the surface characteristics of the fungal pathogen. The plant responses include thickening of the cell walls with lignin and production of antifungal products such as phytoalexins and pathogen related (PR) proteins.
The product is used as an early season treatment achieving protection against eyespot, mildew and septoria for 40 days following application. Goemar reports that laminarin allows chemical fungicide application rates to be decreased by 25-30% per hectare. However, the product offers only partial protection to the crop and is recommended for use in sequence with conventional fungicides such as triazoles and strobilurins with a maximum interval of 45 days between treatments. The residual activity is reported to be several weeks following treatment.
Field trials in apples (Golden Delicious) in France showed that laminarin was effective in controlling Venturia inequalis though the level of control in mature trees (50%) was less than in young plantings (77%). The optimum timing for treatment was found to be 14 days before infection.
A study reported at the 11th International Cereal Rusts and Powdery Mildews Conference (2004) utilised the occurrence of active oxygen species to indicate the impact of elicitors such as laminarin on defence reactions in wheat. Histochemical techniques were used to observe the presence of H202 near the fungal appressorial germination tube as indicative of early defence reactions. Other technigues looked at the rate of lipid peroxidation and the autofluorescence of phenolic compounds in papillae and cell walls. -
CropUseCropUses:
wheat
Cereals
40 g ai/ha
Wheat
1L/ha (Iodus 40 formulation)
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Toxicology
Acute oral (rat)
LD50 >2000 mg/kg (male)
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Environmental Profile
Rainbow trout [96 h]
LC50 >100 mg/L
Zebra fish [96 h]
LC50 >100 mg/L
Bee [oral]
LD50 >118 μg/bee
Bee [contact]
LD50 >100 μg/bee
Selenastrum
EbC50 >100 mg/L
Daphnia magna
LC50 >100 mg/L
Fate in :
Laminarine has been classified in France as not dangerous for the environment and for aquatic organisms.
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