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ActivityIn nature, Alternaria destruens survives on the live or dead tissue of the host weed; there is limited survival on soil or non-susceptible plant tissue. Infection of the host occurs over 3 to 4 hours under conditions of adequate temperature and sufficient moisture; the onset of infection is delayed if these are not met.
There are two formulations of Alternaria destruens: a granular product for pre-emergence control, which can be applied to sites of known dodder infestation to suppress growth and seed production; and a sprayable product for post-emergence control of dodder, which can be used as a spot or area treatment on field crops, fruits, non-agricultural areas (such as roadsides) and vegetables.
Field trials (SWS 2000) carried out on cranberry in Massachusetts and carrot in Wisconsin determined that a dose of 2.2 X 1010 conidia/ha was commercially acceptable for post-emergence control of dodder and actually increased crop yield in carrot. The product was applied at this rate to 0.4 ha of a cranberry bog, heavily infested with dodder. At two weeks post-treatment, over 90% of the dodder had died. An untreated area 1.4 miles away, also heavily infested with dodder, showed no signs of natural senescence for over 30 days after the treated dodder had died. For pre-emergence control, two formulations were compared: the bioherbicide was applied in a starch matrix at a rate of 66 kg/ha and in a cellulose matrix at 66 and 132 kg/ha. Whilst the product did not prevent the emergence of dodder in either experiment, application in the cellulose matrix at 132 kg/ha resulted in commercially acceptable dodder control for that season.
Field trials (Seed Production Research, 2000) carried out on dodder control in red clover fields in Western Oregon compared the two formulations of Smolder with Prowl (pendimethalin) and Treflan (trifluralin). Whilst the granular formulation of Smolder provided better control (59%) than the wettable powder, Prowl and Treflan gave the best weed control (100%). -
CropUseCrop Uses:
Carrot, clover, cranberry, field crops, non-agricultural areas, pepper, tomato
Cranberry, carrot (post-emergence) 2 X 1010 conidia/ha
Cranberry, carrot (pre-emergence) 132 kg/ha
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Premix
Type
AI concn
Granule (G)
4.40% (w/v)
Wettable Powder (WP)
10.8% (w/v)
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Toxicology
(rat) Acute oral>1 X 107 cfu/animal
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Environmental Profile
Fate in :
Alternaria destruens is not known to thrive in aquatic environments as it is a microorganism which lives in terrestrial habitats in the presence of a host plant. Therefore exposure to humans through drinking water is unlikely.
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