Rice |
Dust formulations applied at 30-40 kg / ha Granule (1 kg) applied at 10 kg / ha 1.0 g / plant (ornamentals) 60 kg / plant (potatoes) 1-2 g / plant (cucumbers, melons, tomatoes, aubergines) |
Acute oral (rat) |
LD50 >5,000 mg/kg. ADI:0.1 mg/kg. |
Bobwhite quail [oral] |
LD50 >2000 mg/kg |
Bluegill sunfish [96 h] |
LC50 >120 mg/L |
Bobwhite quail [dietary] |
LC50 >5200 ppm |
Mallard duck [dietary] |
LC50 >5200 ppm |
Rainbow trout [96 h] |
LC50 >100 mg/L |
Daphnia magna[48 h] |
EC50 >120 mg/L |
Green alga [72 h] |
EbC50 >270 mg/L |
Earthworms [14 d] |
LC50 13.21 mg/kg dry soil |
Fate in aquatic systems:
Hydrolysis at 20°C; clothianidin is stable in water at pH 4-7 and shows very slight degradation at pH 9.
Aqueous photolysis; photolytic degradation in sterile buffer was very fast; clothianidin was completely metabolised with a DT50 of < 4 hours. In river water, the photolytic half life was 26.6 days.
Fate in soil:
The proposed metabolic pathway for clothianidin in soils involves several degradation products, of which only N-methyl-N'-nitroguanidine (MNG) is a major metabolite. Loss of the guanidine methyl group produces N-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-N'-nitroguanidine (TZNG), while cleavage of the nitroguanidine group produces MNG. Demethylation of MNG and cleavage of TZNG leads to nitroguanidine (NTG). Loss of the nitroimino group from clothianidin produces N-(2-chlorothiazol-5-ylmethyl)-N'-methylurea (TZMU).
In aerobic laboratory soil metabolism studies on 9 soils, the DT50 values ranged between 143 and 1328 days with an average value of 518 days . The relevant soil metabolites MNG and TZNG were degraded on 3 soils with half lives of 82-108 days and 62-111 days respectively.
Anaerobic soil studies in a farm pond model system maintained for one year gave a half life for clothianidin of 21 days in the entire system (rapid degradation). Clothianidin is rapidly transferred to the soil layer where it becomes increasingly strongly bound. At the end of the study, 1.4% of the applied radioactivity remained in the water phase while in the sediment, the radioactivity level increased to more than 90% within 59 days. Clothianidin was the only product detected in the water phase.
Laboratory aerobic water-sediment studies in two pond systems (representing a gravel pit and a dammed pond) were conducted for 100 days. Clothianidin was moderately degraded with half-lives of 48 days and 65 days for the entire systems. Most of the radioactivity was transferred to the sediments. Clothianidin levels in the water at the end of the studies amounted to 9% and 19% of the applied radioactivity, while the bound residues on the sediments reached 30% and 43%, identified as clothianidin and the metabolite TMG. No metabolite exceeded 1.3% of applied radioactivity.
Photolysis on a loamy sand soil surface; a significant degradation process producing many metabolites in low quantities; half-life of clothianidin = 8.2 days (equivalent to 34 days of sun in Phoenix, USA).
Adsorption / desorption studies in five soils (organic carbon content = 0.4-2.1%) resulted in clothianidin being classified as low to intermediate mobility with a mean adsorption Koc value of 160 mL/g. The desorption Koc was 188 mL/G. After aging for 99 days on soil, the Koc values increased by a factor of 2.1 to 3.5 indicating increased binding to soil. For the major metabolites MNG and TZNG, the mean Koc values in the same non-aged soils were 21 mL/g and 275 mL/g respectively; MNG is classified as mobile while TZNG is classified of low mobility.
Lysimeter studies conducted over 3 years on a sandy loam (72.5% sand) showed no clothianidin in the leachates. Metabolites were detected but none exceeded the EU trigger level of 0.1 mg/L.
Six field dissipation studies were conducted in N Europe; 4 on bare soil and 2 in cropped situations. Two further studies were performed in S Europe on cropped soil. Clothianidin was applied as a single spray of 150 g ai/ha. A mean DT50 of 120 days and a mean DT90of 399 days was calculated. The N European trials gave a mean DT50 of 75 days. Practically all residues remained in the upper 10 cm soil. Clothianidin was classified as moderately degradable in soil under field conditions.
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Country: China
Tribenuron-methyl Nicosulfuron Dimethomorph Clodinafop-propargyl Diazinon Emamectin benzoate Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam Chlorpyrifos+cypermethrin Bromoxynil octanoate+MCPA-isooctyl BAAPE IR3535
HEBEI BRILLIANT CHEMICAL CO ., LTD.
Country: China
Thiamethoxam Clothianidin Spirodiclofen 2-chloro-5-chloromethylthiazole Oxadiazine
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MCPA Cyproconazole Imazamox Flumetsulam Haloxyfop-P-methyl Penoxsulam Florasulam Prothioconazole Clothianidin
Hangzhou Ruijiang Crop Science Co., Ltd
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Glyphosate 2,4-D Paraquat Nicosulfuron Imidacloprid Carbendazim Dicamba+2,4-D Pyraclostrobin Spirodiclofen Seaweed Extract Amino Acid Agriculural Organosilicone Adjuvant
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